This course prepares the student for cost effective control of pests in crop production from the nursery to maturity and production. It deals with types, patterns and identification of disease conditions, nutritional disorders, and toxicity reactions in crops and (IPM)control measures. Impacts on human health, food safety and the environment are considered with respect to a wide range of agrochemicals. Challenges posed by genetic manipulation, crop and pest resistance and changing climatic factors are also covered.