This is a continuation of BMLS3452 with particular emphasis on antibiotic susceptibility & drug resistance, anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses. It also focuses on the principles and methodologies for the recovery of bacteria, fungal, parasitic and viral agents from complex biological specimens, biochemical identification, and advanced principles in clinical sensitivity and specificity. In addition, it addresses the integration and evaluation of cognitive material with clinical laboratory results and diagnostic strategies using classical, serological and molecular techniques.